The main goal of this study is to investigate the inter action between East Khorasan winds regimes and Sistan120 Days winds. The climatic data of Synoptic stations used in the present study was obtained from khorasan razavi, khorasan Jon obi and Sistan and baluchestan meteorological organizations. The statistical period is from 2000 to 2011. To do synoptic analyses, the maps of sea level pressure, geo potential height of 850 Hectopascal level, wind direction and the relative vortices were used. The sample extract form the daily wind velocity data base of Zabol station and include the fourteen days with the highest velocity winds.The results shows that the wind direction in the Khorasan Razavi province is from north. While, the direction changes toward Northwest as it arrives to Sistan plain. This change in the direction of wind is due to the topography and geographical location of the area. The geo potential height maps shown that the main reasons for the winds of 120 days are the core of the high pressure on the Caspian Sea and the core of the low pressure in Pakistan. Moreover, strengthening the low pressure intensifies the winds.

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) has become a major health problem in the West, utilizing extensive amounts of health resources. It affects roughly 10-20% of the general population.1 Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the mainstay of its treatment and the majority of GERD patients will need to use them over the long run.

In this study, By studying the synoptic patterns of the lower levels of the atmosphere in the warm period (22 may – 22 sep) of Asia southwest (1996 – 2014), and Using factor analysis and clustering tests and also dynamical equations of convergence / divergence, vorticity and omega; an ridge of eastern winds (Iran ridge) was identified on the Iranian plateau, Which is part of the eastern winds caused by the deployment of India's Monson Trough in South Asia and the expansion of tongue from Ganges to the Asia southwest lowlands. Dynamic conditions of the atmosphere in the eastern part of Iran ridge, A nuclear of the divergence of the lower levels, Provide positive omega and air sinking and flowed eastward toward the west, and as the eastern winds flowing westward. At the same time, the dynamic conditions of the western part of Iran ridge, the nucleus of the convergence of the lower levels, Provide negative omega and climbing air that the flow of the mentioned wind pours into it. Then the air climbed in the western part of Iran ridge at the middle level, creates a core of high levels divergence and It flows to the west. With the arrival of this wind on the eastern half of Iran ridge, a core of higher levels convergence has created and with its descent into the lower levels divergence core in the eastern part of Iran ridge, Complete your cycle (Khorasan-Caspian Cycle). At the middle levels, there are also languages from Azores high on the region, the curvature of the northern part forms the ridge of western winds in northe of Iran and the Caspian Sea. The dynamic conditions of the west and east of this ridge caused the formation of negative core and positive omega that this, in turn, enhances the Khorasan-Caspian cycle.

Local surface winds are affected by different features of such as surface roughness and local topography. As surface winds affects the human activities such as agricultural, economical and safety of transportation, their investigations from the point of view of forecasting is important. In desert area such as Lut, strong surface wind is a major factor in surface erosion and sands transport. Lut valley in the south east of Iran with north- south direction and its continuation to the Jazmorian dry lake towards the Coast of Oman Sea can affect the surface winds (i.e. channeling).In this study using surface wind data the dynamic properties of these surface winds have been investigated. It includes statistical, synoptical and numerical methods. Statistically, there is a good correlation between the strong northerly surface winds and latitudinal pressure gradient. Cold air advection from the north and the latitudinal pressure gradient are the two major factors enhancing the northerly surface wind. A numerical case study for February 2004 also indicates that these are the two important factors intensifying the surface winds, while the mountain ranges on both sides of the Lut valley are important in channeling the surface winds and generating gap winds which are observed in other part of the world.

Sistan wind is one of the most important atmospheric phenomena of warm period of year in Iran plateau which creates environmental different impacts on its dominated region. In the northern hemisphere during summer monsoon, ITCZ moves to higher northern geographic latitude. South Asia summer monsoon system is one of the phenomena which arises from this movement and a tongue extension of Gang low moues towards west, its domination over southern region of Iran, and its penetration to Khozestan plain and Mesopotamia is also one of this movement outcome. In the meantime, in atmospheric low level, Azores high tongue, in this region of the world also has to remain in north territories of Iran (that is over Caspian sea and its surrounding) more than worldwide average. So that, with the pressure gradient between the Caspian sea high and Gang low generates the Sistan wind system, in a way that can be said that this is northern trade wind which blows in the region. The period used in this study was for 2480 days in 22 years (2012-1993) from May until end of September. The atmospheric circulation types were extracted using daily mean of the 850 hPa geopotential height data for these days between 15°–80°E, 5°–50°N, with a 2.5° (lat) × 2.5° (lon) spatial resolution. These data were retrieved from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis archive. Then the agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis with the ward algorithm and Euclidean distance were used to identify atmospheric circulation types over Iran in mentioned period of years. Because using hierarchical cluster analysis can take maximized within-group similarity and minimized between-group similarity in data, the groups of days with similar characteristics were determined. Then the calculated within-group correlations were used to identify representative days. The day with highest within-group correlation was representative day of atmospheric circulation types. Finally, 5 atmospheric circulation types were identified in this period in which 2 cluster showed the mechanism of in Sistan winds in the southeast of Iran. Then for representative day of atmospheric circulation types in 2 mentioned clusters, wind speed and direction, as well as the wind convergence in levels of in 1000, 925, 850 and 700 hPa and also the convergence in atmospheric vertical profiles were analyzed. This paper identifies that, this wind has the features of LLJ and its core is often at 850 hPa level which is titled and is known as Sistan LLJ. Its speed continuation also stretches to low levels and to the earth surface, as a result it creates Sistan wind near the surface. On the other hand, along with ITCZ belt anomalous movement to northern hemisphere, the southern trade winds also enter northern hemisphere to reach ITCZ belt and after acquiring humidty from Indian ocean and Arabian sea, they enter Indian subcontinent. Now, the assumption is tested that between these two kinds of blowing systems (Sistan LLJ and southern trades) a region of convergence must be created, then with the continuation of the above convergenced, wind sysrem is identified over north of Arabian sea, Pakistan and Iran coasts. This convergence region which establishes at the time of Sistan LLJ balances with southern trade winds, which determines its location geographic latitude. So that, if Sistan LLJ blows slowly, this convergence region moves to more southern geographic latitudes.also its vertical extension in atmosphere is to the extent that its generating factors (Sistan LLJ and southern trades) exist and when one of these factors, does ascend to the higher level of atmosphere, this convergence region disappears. So that, naturally its establishment can be observed from the earth surface to 750 hPa level, and it often disappears above this level. This convergence region can also be a reason for the issue that during the fact Sistan LLJ the northern trade winds converge with southern trades on Arabian sea. The other indications of these winds are being originated from subtropical high and blowing toward tropical convergence region, so that the Indian monsoon is in fact the southern trades and Sistan LLJ that blow from two sides towards ITCZ.

Aim: Investigating the relationship between land surface temperature and urban land uses can be used for urban management. However, one of the main problems in this field is the low spatial resolution of thermal images. This research aims to evaluate and select the best existing algorithm for achieving a high spatial resolution of thermal images to investigate and analyze changes in land surface temperature in Region 4 of Ahvaz. Material & method: For this purpose, the split window algorithm was used as one of the most common suitable algorithms to calculate land surface temperature, and SFIM and T sharp DisTrade algorithms in urban areas were applied to improve spatial resolution. Finding: Results show that the spatial resolution of the output image obtained by Split Window, T Sharp DisTrade, and SFIM algorithms is 30, 100, and 45 meters, respectively. The T Sharp DisTrade algorithm presented the output images with very good resolution so that different land uses could be separated according to their surface temperature. Split Window and SFIM algorithms did not provide acceptable results in land use evaluation. Also, the average land surface temperature values obtained from T Sharp DisTrade, Split Window algorithm, and SFIM are equal to 17.5, 23.5, and 28.25 degrees Celsius, respectively. This temperature difference of these algorithms is due to utilizing the fusion process. Conclusion: As a result, T Sharp DisTrade algorithm was more effective in improving the spatial resolution of thermal images. Innovation: Innovations of this research are: - simultaneous use of three mentioned algorithms for increasing spatial resolution of thermal images and discovering the best algorithm in this field, which has not been investigated in previous research, - improving spatial resolution of thermal images for evaluating urban land uses by using T Sharp DisTrade algorithm, and detail investigation of surface temperature changes.

One of the natural disasters causing many damages in dry and desert areas of the world and especially in the Yazd region of Iran, is strong winds and storms. This region (Yazd), due to it is geographical situation and climatic conditions, is always subject to strong winds and dust storms. Therefore, understanding the storms and strong winds regime, in order to reduce the destructive effects of this phenomenon, especially in stabilizing the running sands, is necessary. This study was accomplished using the data of horizontal vision, speed and direction of wind, relative humidity, temperature, pressure, cloud and dust event in Yazd and Kerman synoptic stations, as well as the atmosphere data of the above stations, and the synoptic maps during statistical period between 1983-2003. The results of the study showed that more than 77 percent of strong winds in the area blow from 2500 to 3300, and its speed is between 15-29 m/sec during the fluctuation. These strong winds blow in the afternoons. The blow of dominant winds is from North -West and West. More than 5 percent of storms and strong winds in this region occur in Apirl and May. In the begining of the hot period of the year and changing of the season, the atmospheric instability and the dust storms increase in the region. The main reason of this phenomena is the intensive winds that occur by the fast changes of the temperature and pressure in this time. Passing of a low pressure system with cold and dry front from the West-North Western along with the presence of trough in the 500 and 850 hpa levels, and also the local instabilities are the most important reasons of these strong winds in this region.

Climate is a multidimensional, interacted- dynamic system. This characteristic tends to be variety effects-consequences in time and space scale. One of climatic characteristic that can exhibits climate effects-consequences is dry and wet winds. The continuity of dry and wet winds has a great importance from the view point of severity and frequency of precipitation occurrences. Since these features show the rainy climatic characteristics and affect on the other climatic parameters, has attracted the attention of some climatologists to itself.In the present research, based on the observations of daily precipitation in Zanjan city during 1961-2006 and based on non-parametric technique, the trends of maximum mean and continuation of dry-wet winds were estimated for each year. The results of this research showed that the study indices at each of yearly and monthly time scales had no meaningful trend.Low precipitations had a meaningful decreasing trend and with respect to the lack of trend in occurrence times, the number of these precipitations and consequently dry and wet winds were constant. Based on the study results, it was cleared that four seasons means (June, July, August and September) has no precipitation. Possible precipitation in these four months, are the results of local-accidental and irregular events. So these four said months are considered as the dry seasons of Zanjan city. The most frequent of precipitations are related to April and May, therefore spring has the most precipitation.

The objective of the paper is to present the dependence of the wind profile of a monsoon on the depth of the layer, the ground surface roughness length, and the atmospheric stability. The paper also indicates that the wind profiles of the typhoon are composed of two layers, the upper one with the nearly constant velocity and the lower one in which the velocity decreases with the decrease in the height. The typhoon wind profiles are not stationary but changes abruptly.